Statizoid

Time-related underemployment (ILO modelled estimates) (15+) by country

Imputed observations are not based on national data, are subject to high uncertainty and should not be used for country comparisons or rankings. This series is based on the 13th ICLS definitions. Persons in time-related underemployment comprise all persons in employment, who satisfy the following three criteria...

Countries reporting
188
Highest
30,459
China
Lowest
0.126
Samoa
Median
136.07
Years covered
23
2005–2027
Data points
6,324

What the numbers show

Time-related underemployment (ILO modelled estimates) (15+) is currently reported for 188 countries. The highest value is 30,459 in China; the lowest is 0.126 in Samoa.

The median across all reporting countries is 136.07, and the mean is 952.91.

Over the past decade 104 countries rose and 84 fell. The largest increase was in Eswatini (up 392.8%), and the largest decrease in Russian Federation (down 99.9%).

Time-related underemployment (ILO modelled estimates): full country ranking

#Country LatestYear 10-year changeTrend
1 China 30,459 2027 down 11.6% falling
2 India 23,302 2027 up 17.1% rising
3 Ethiopia 16,345 2027 up 29.1% rising
4 Nigeria 10,757 2027 up 24.0% rising
5 Indonesia 7,668 2027 up 46.8% rising
6 Brazil 4,955 2027 down 15.2% flat
7 Mexico 4,910 2027 up 14.8% rising
8 Tanzania, United Republic of 4,672 2027 up 36.7% rising
9 Philippines 3,771 2027 up 18.1% rising
10 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 2,972 2027 up 36.7% rising
11 Kenya 2,811 2027 up 95.1% rising
12 Argentina 2,648 2027 up 24.1% rising
13 Benin 2,625 2027 up 39.2% rising
14 Türkiye 2,426 2027 up 45.1% volatile
15 France 2,375 2027 down 1.3% rising
16 Algeria 2,251 2027 up 10.3% rising
17 Japan 1,889 2027 down 29.4% falling
18 Bangladesh 1,843 2027 up 66.8% rising
19 Iran, Islamic Republic of 1,824 2027 down 56.5% rising
20 Ecuador 1,758 2027 up 39.4% rising
21 Afghanistan 1,731 2027 up 9.1% rising
22 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1,617 2027 down 12.0% flat
23 Peru 1,501 2027 down 4.5% rising
24 Côte d'Ivoire 1,356 2027 up 30.7% rising
25 United States of America 1,317 2027 up 9.5% falling
26 Uganda 1,280 2027 down 8.2% rising
27 Spain 1,277 2027 down 19.9% rising
28 Mozambique 1,261 2027 up 29.6% rising
29 Colombia 1,237 2027 down 16.3% falling
30 Madagascar 1,206 2027 up 37.7% rising
31 Cameroon 1,158 2027 up 24.1% rising
32 Morocco 1,150 2027 up 7.6% flat
33 Pakistan 1,032 2027 up 222.6% volatile
34 Niger 988.42 2027 up 68.4% rising
35 Viet Nam 981.56 2027 up 14.7% falling
36 Australia 965.2 2027 down 13.8% rising
37 Ghana 961.45 2027 down 14.8% rising
38 Azerbaijan 935.18 2027 up 7.0% rising
39 Iraq 928.99 2027 up 41.2% rising
40 South Africa 895.49 2027 up 4.0% rising
41 Korea, Democratic People's Republic of 822.57 2027 down 1.0% rising
42 Republic of Korea 758.88 2027 up 34.5% volatile
43 Nicaragua 748.85 2027 up 23.9% rising
44 Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of 712.03 2027 down 20.9% falling
45 Rwanda 664.45 2027 up 11.5% rising
46 Chile 644.02 2027 down 39.8% falling
47 Malawi 620.32 2027 up 38.3% rising
48 Italy 612.91 2027 down 34.3% rising
49 Netherlands 610.74 2027 up 20.2% flat
50 Haiti 597.66 2027 up 15.3% rising
51 Yemen 568.4 2027 up 33.5% rising
52 Nepal 559.15 2027 up 10.8% rising
53 Guatemala 519.1 2027 up 35.6% rising
54 Angola 511.23 2027 down 21.4% rising
55 Chad 485.37 2027 up 44.4% rising
56 Germany 485.03 2027 down 68.4% volatile
57 Taiwan, China 457.88 2027 down 5.2% rising
58 Saudi Arabia 443.01 2027 up 61.1% volatile
59 Burundi 434.04 2027 up 37.6% rising
60 Uzbekistan 396 2027 down 4.8% rising
61 South Sudan 384.47 2023 up 6.3% rising
62 Sudan 343.8 2022 down 31.7% falling
63 Guinea 331.28 2027 up 28.1% rising
64 Switzerland 327.34 2027 up 1.9% rising
65 Zimbabwe 325.97 2027 down 46.4% falling
66 Canada 299.15 2027 down 14.7% flat
67 Cuba 292.87 2027 down 14.9% falling
68 Myanmar 292.68 2027 down 51.9% falling
69 Malaysia 291.74 2027 down 41.2% falling
70 Belgium 272.51 2027 up 39.2% rising
71 Bolivia, Plurinational State of 250.5 2027 up 37.5% rising
72 Portugal 248.91 2027 down 29.8% rising
73 Sweden 233.4 2027 up 40.2% rising
74 Zambia 232.07 2027 up 15.8% falling
75 Honduras 227.05 2027 down 51.2% volatile
76 Sierra Leone 225.39 2027 up 26.5% rising
77 Finland 216.77 2027 up 45.3% rising
78 El Salvador 215.95 2027 down 1.8% rising
79 Congo 212.75 2027 up 33.2% rising
80 Ireland 208.96 2027 up 47.4% rising
81 Sri Lanka 207.57 2027 down 11.8% falling
82 Mali 205.48 2027 up 49.0% rising
83 Libya 180.76 2027 up 14.8% rising
84 Panama 178.79 2027 up 83.7% rising
85 Kazakhstan 173.31 2027 up 1.5% volatile
86 Thailand 173.3 2027 down 45.7% falling
87 Central African Republic 168.49 2027 up 25.8% rising
88 Greece 157.28 2027 down 41.8% rising
89 Serbia 151.73 2027 down 25.6% rising
90 Uruguay 151.1 2027 up 15.4% falling
91 Eritrea 143.33 2027 up 29.3% rising
92 Paraguay 139.4 2027 down 35.2% flat
93 Papua New Guinea 137.39 2027 up 25.7% rising
94 Poland 136.33 2027 down 54.8% falling
95 Somalia 135.81 2027 up 44.0% rising
96 Armenia 135.76 2027 down 7.1% falling
97 Dominican Republic 124.88 2027 down 31.5% falling
98 New Zealand 124.52 2027 up 9.4% rising
99 Austria 122.24 2027 down 35.5% falling
100 Cambodia 121.18 2027 up 3.8% falling
101 Norway 111.69 2027 up 44.5% rising
102 Georgia 111.5 2027 down 1.2% rising
103 Denmark 109.82 2027 down 3.3% rising
104 Gambia 106.11 2027 up 37.6% rising
105 Syrian Arab Republic 104.02 2027 up 118.0% rising
106 Kuwait 93.75 2027 up 45.2% rising
107 Egypt 88.25 2027 down 66.0% volatile
108 Namibia 87.61 2027 up 27.3% rising
109 Qatar 86.69 2027 up 25.5% rising
110 Oman 84.63 2027 up 32.5% volatile
111 Romania 81.72 2027 down 60.7% falling
112 Costa Rica 78.68 2027 down 49.0% falling
113 Puerto Rico 73.95 2027 up 10.7% falling
114 Mauritania 65.45 2027 up 36.1% rising
115 Botswana 63.79 2027 up 20.6% rising
116 Togo 63.04 2027 up 26.5% falling
117 Liberia 61.1 2027 up 25.4% rising
118 Gabon 60.72 2027 up 25.8% rising
119 Lesotho 57.25 2027 up 156.9% rising
120 Tajikistan 55.32 2027 down 6.3% falling
121 Equatorial Guinea 53.89 2027 up 29.2% rising
122 Israel 50.48 2027 down 42.9% falling
123 Albania 49.57 2027 down 54.0% falling
124 Turkmenistan 47.48 2027 down 10.9% falling
125 Ukraine 47.34 2021 down 11.4% volatile
126 Trinidad and Tobago 45.86 2027 down 6.6% falling
127 Senegal 44.05 2027 up 10.8% rising
128 Hong Kong, China 39.33 2027 down 14.5% falling
129 Cyprus 35.51 2027 down 47.5% rising
130 Hungary 34.93 2027 down 31.0% volatile
131 Lebanon 34.32 2023 down 25.9% rising
132 Slovenia 33.67 2027 down 47.0% flat
133 Lao People's Democratic Republic 33.32 2027 down 8.8% rising
134 Suriname 31.92 2027 up 8.8% rising
135 Croatia 31.7 2027 down 18.9% falling
136 Cape Verde 30.32 2027 down 0.5% rising
137 Kyrgyzstan 29.38 2027 down 59.1% falling
138 Burkina Faso 28.56 2027 down 54.5% falling
139 Eswatini 28.02 2027 up 392.8% volatile
140 Bahrain 27.73 2027 up 22.9% rising
141 Guinea-Bissau 26.73 2027 up 34.8% rising
142 Guyana 25.97 2027 down 24.9% falling
143 Maldives 25.93 2027 up 33.2% rising
144 Czechia 25.81 2027 up 9.0% rising
145 Republic of Moldova 25.04 2027 down 60.4% falling
146 Singapore 22.82 2027 down 77.2% falling
147 Lithuania 22.56 2027 up 17.7% falling
148 Solomon Islands 21.76 2027 up 41.4% rising
149 Palestine, State of 21.41 2022 up 2.3% rising
150 Western Sahara 18.89 2027 up 20.1% rising
151 Tunisia 18.09 2027 down 22.7% volatile
152 Latvia 17.98 2027 down 48.9% falling
153 Bahamas 17.7 2027 up 3.6% rising
154 Djibouti 17.38 2027 up 20.0% rising
155 United Arab Emirates 16.61 2027 up 0.3% rising
156 Mauritius 15.15 2027 down 12.0% rising
157 Slovakia 13.77 2027 down 63.5% falling
158 Bosnia and Herzegovina 11.77 2027 down 81.4% volatile
159 Luxembourg 11.29 2027 up 78.5% volatile
160 Vanuatu 11.03 2027 up 22.3% rising
161 Belarus 10.98 2027 down 74.9% falling
162 Estonia 10.51 2027 up 80.9% falling
163 Fiji 10.11 2027 up 11.9% rising
164 New Caledonia 9.89 2027 down 25.9% falling
165 Iceland 9.78 2027 up 14.0% rising
166 Malta 9.07 2027 up 62.4% rising
167 Comoros 8.64 2027 up 59.0% rising
168 Bulgaria 8.15 2027 down 66.1% volatile
169 Barbados 8.07 2027 up 31.4% rising
170 Mongolia 7.93 2027 down 38.5% volatile
171 North Macedonia 7.55 2027 down 44.6% falling
172 Brunei Darussalam 7.2 2027 down 19.9% rising
173 Saint Lucia 7.1 2027 down 2.6% rising
174 Belize 6.99 2027 up 30.0% rising
175 Jamaica 6.93 2027 down 48.2% falling
176 Bhutan 6.11 2027 up 20.5% falling
177 Jordan 4.99 2027 down 37.5% rising
178 French Polynesia 4.4 2027 down 9.4% flat
179 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3.8 2027 down 5.4% flat
180 Guam 3.14 2027 down 0.3% flat
181 Timor-Leste 2.56 2027 down 33.2% volatile
182 United States Virgin Islands 2.43 2027 down 23.4% falling
183 Macau, China 2.18 2027 up 1.1% falling
184 Sao Tome and Principe 2.08 2027 up 26.4% rising
185 Montenegro 2.07 2027 down 52.6% falling
186 Tonga 1.21 2027 up 1.8% rising
187 Russian Federation 0.654 2027 down 99.9% volatile
188 Samoa 0.126 2027 down 30.8% volatile

Regions and income groups

Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.

Share, cite or embed this page

Cite this page

Time-related underemployment (ILO modelled estimates) by country. Statizoid, drawing on International Labour Organization. Retrieved 25 August 2026, from https://labour.statizoid.com/stat/time-related-underemployment-ilo-modelled-estimates-15/

Embed or link this data

Paste this into a page to link back to these figures. The data itself is free to reuse under ILO Terms of Use (attribution required); please keep the attribution.

<a href="https://labour.statizoid.com/stat/time-related-underemployment-ilo-modelled-estimates-15/">Time-related underemployment (ILO modelled estimates) by country</a> — Statizoid

About this data

Indicator
Time-related underemployment (ILO modelled estimates) (15+)
Source
International Labour Organization
Licence
ILO Terms of Use (attribution required)
Coverage
276 places, 6,324 data points, 2005–2027
Last refreshed

Imputed observations are not based on national data, are subject to high uncertainty and should not be used for country comparisons or rankings. This series is based on the 13th ICLS definitions. Persons in time-related underemployment comprise all persons in employment, who satisfy the following three criteria during the reference period: a) are willing to work additional hours; b) are available to work additional hours i.e., are ready, within a specified subsequent period, to work additional hours, given opportunities for additional work; and c) worked less than a threshold relating to working time i.e., persons whose hours actually worked in all jobs during the reference period were below a threshold, to be chosen according to national circumstances. For details, refer to the Resolution concerning the measurement of underemployment and inadequate employment situations. For more information, refer to the ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST) database description.