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LU2: Combined rate of time-related underemployment and unemployment (ILO modelled estimates) by country

Imputed observations are not based on national data, are subject to high uncertainty and should not be used for country comparisons or rankings. This series is based on the 13th ICLS definitions. LU2 represents the share of the labour force that are either in unemployment or time-related underemployment. For more...

Countries reporting
189
Highest
39.95
Eswatini
Lowest
1.24
Thailand
Median
10.06
Years covered
23
2005–2027
Data points
6,324

What the numbers show

LU2: Combined rate of time-related underemployment and unemployment (ILO modelled estimates) is currently reported for 189 countries. The highest value is 39.95 in Eswatini; the lowest is 1.24 in Thailand.

The median across all reporting countries is 10.06, and the mean is 11.98.

The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 32.

Over the past decade 63 countries rose and 126 fell. The largest increase was in Pakistan (up 74.4%), and the largest decrease in Russia (down 68.6%).

LU2: Combined rate of time-related underemployment and unemployment: full country ranking

#Country LatestYear 10-year changeTrend
1 Eswatini 39.95 2027 up 53.3% rising
2 Benin 38.74 2027 down 0.2% flat
3 South Africa 35.85 2027 up 16.4% rising
4 Djibouti 32.33 2027 down 0.2% flat
5 Ethiopia 30.44 2027 up 4.3% rising
6 Afghanistan 30.32 2027 up 6.8% rising
7 Botswana 29.86 2027 up 18.0% rising
8 Algeria 28.14 2027 down 1.3% flat
9 Congo 27.48 2027 down 2.9% flat
10 Gabon 27.06 2027 down 0.6% rising
11 Namibia 26.9 2027 down 7.3% falling
12 Nicaragua 26.89 2027 up 9.0% flat
13 Haiti 25.88 2027 up 4.0% flat
13 Palestine 25.88 2022 up 22.0% rising
15 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 25.65 2027 down 2.7% flat
16 Libya 25.47 2027 down 1.6% flat
17 Cape Verde 25.14 2027 down 4.3% falling
18 Yemen 24 2027 down 5.5% rising
19 Armenia 23.45 2027 down 16.1% falling
20 Azerbaijan 23.35 2027 up 2.8% rising
21 Lesotho 22.78 2027 up 19.4% rising
22 Iraq 22.76 2027 up 15.9% rising
23 Somalia 22.46 2027 up 2.2% flat
24 Rwanda 22.27 2027 down 12.5% falling
25 Ecuador 22.01 2027 up 14.9% rising
26 Suriname 20.45 2027 up 1.7% flat
27 Guyana 20.04 2027 down 20.0% falling
28 South Sudan 19.96 2023 down 1.4% rising
28 Caribbean 12.77 2027 down 7.4% falling
29 Gambia 19.13 2027 up 11.2% falling
30 Georgia 18.46 2027 down 5.8% falling
31 Argentina 18.14 2027 down 5.6% flat
32 New Caledonia 17.97 2027 down 17.9% falling
33 United States Virgin Islands 17.94 2027 down 2.3% rising
34 Morocco 17.83 2027 down 3.0% falling
35 Angola 17.28 2027 down 20.8% falling
36 Finland 17.07 2027 up 20.6% rising
37 Nepal 16.87 2027 down 2.5% flat
38 Bahamas 16.69 2027 down 3.2% falling
39 Saint Lucia 16.48 2027 down 38.0% falling
40 Jordan 16.39 2027 down 11.0% rising
41 Kenya 16.12 2027 up 54.9% rising
42 Western Sahara 15.88 2027 up 0.2% rising
43 Panama 15.84 2027 up 53.7% rising
44 Uruguay 15.73 2027 up 1.5% falling
45 Tunisia 15.46 2027 down 2.8% rising
46 Equatorial Guinea 15.38 2027 up 3.2% rising
47 Mauritania 15.34 2027 up 0.1% rising
48 Syria 15.33 2027 up 4.4% rising
49 French Polynesia 15.25 2027 down 2.5% flat
50 Chile 15.19 2027 down 18.4% falling
51 Turkey 15.08 2027 down 5.1% rising
52 Spain 15.06 2027 down 37.5% falling
53 France 15.05 2027 down 13.1% flat
54 Montenegro 14.74 2027 down 16.8% falling
55 Sao Tome and Principe 14.71 2027 up 1.5% falling
56 Albania 14.71 2027 down 31.4% falling
57 Iran 14.64 2027 down 45.5% falling
58 Tanzania 14.42 2027 down 3.4% rising
59 Mozambique 14.24 2027 up 19.1% rising
60 Maldives 14.06 2027 down 3.9% falling
61 Vanuatu 13.79 2027 down 2.1% falling
62 Central African Republic 13.75 2027 up 3.4% rising
63 Eritrea 13.71 2027 up 1.7% flat
64 Zimbabwe 13.61 2027 down 21.4% falling
65 North Macedonia 13.56 2027 down 44.6% falling
66 Cameroon 13.18 2027 down 1.3% falling
67 Lebanon 12.85 2023 up 18.7% rising
68 Bosnia and Herzegovina 12.84 2027 down 48.3% falling
69 Peru 12.81 2027 up 1.7% flat
70 Belize 12.73 2027 up 29.5% rising
71 Sweden 12.49 2027 up 26.9% flat
72 Cote d'Ivoire 12.19 2027 down 9.4% falling
73 Barbados 12.17 2027 down 4.1% rising
74 Colombia 12.16 2027 down 19.8% falling
75 Puerto Rico 12.12 2027 down 28.4% falling
76 Ireland 12.11 2027 down 4.9% falling
77 Malawi 12.11 2027 down 0.1% flat
78 Venezuela 12.02 2027 up 1.4% falling
79 Nigeria 11.89 2027 down 17.3% falling
80 Switzerland 11.77 2027 up 4.0% rising
81 Guinea 11.72 2027 up 1.1% flat
82 Democratic Republic of Congo 11.58 2027 down 1.3% rising
83 Portugal 10.92 2027 down 30.2% falling
84 Greece 10.76 2027 down 60.4% flat
85 Belgium 10.73 2027 down 2.3% falling
86 Sudan 10.67 2022 down 51.8% falling
87 Serbia 10.61 2027 down 46.3% falling
88 Australia 10.55 2027 down 25.4% falling
89 Sierra Leone 10.55 2027 down 5.3% falling
90 Mexico 10.35 2027 down 8.6% falling
91 El Salvador 10.2 2027 down 19.4% falling
92 Ghana 10.14 2027 down 18.6% rising
93 Honduras 10.07 2027 down 40.4% rising
94 Ukraine 10.06 2021 up 24.4% rising
95 Estonia 9.96 2027 up 50.1% falling
96 Netherlands 9.82 2027 down 3.0% falling
97 Trinidad and Tobago 9.79 2027 down 4.2% falling
98 Brazil 9.75 2027 down 47.1% falling
99 Cyprus 9.73 2027 down 53.9% flat
100 Luxembourg 9.73 2027 up 26.7% rising
101 Madagascar 9.69 2027 up 12.4% flat
102 Guam 9.68 2027 up 1.0% falling
103 Costa Rica 9.51 2027 down 34.1% falling
104 United Kingdom 9.45 2027 down 4.7% falling
105 Philippines 9.26 2027 down 6.7% falling
106 Guatemala 9.13 2027 up 9.7% falling
107 New Zealand 8.96 2027 up 0.6% rising
108 Tajikistan 8.9 2027 down 7.8% rising
109 Denmark 8.76 2027 down 9.3% rising
110 Canada 8.67 2027 up 6.4% falling
111 Zambia 8.64 2027 up 7.1% falling
112 China 8.58 2027 down 3.0% flat
113 Norway 8.53 2027 up 24.0% rising
114 Italy 8.48 2027 down 42.7% flat
115 Brunei 8.43 2027 down 37.3% falling
116 Paraguay 8.26 2027 down 36.1% falling
117 Austria 8.21 2027 down 15.4% falling
118 Mauritius 8.2 2027 down 13.3% falling
119 Lithuania 8.19 2027 down 2.4% falling
120 North Korea 8.18 2027 down 2.2% flat
121 Indonesia 8.04 2027 up 3.5% falling
121 Niger 8.04 2027 up 1.8% falling
123 Latvia 7.99 2027 down 34.8% falling
124 India 7.93 2027 down 30.9% falling
125 Chad 7.91 2027 down 1.5% flat
126 Cuba 7.88 2027 down 4.9% falling
127 Uganda 7.86 2027 down 37.3% rising
128 Fiji 7.85 2027 up 14.8% rising
129 Uzbekistan 7.54 2027 down 16.9% falling
130 Iceland 7.38 2027 up 8.9% rising
131 Taiwan 7.32 2027 down 5.7% falling
132 Burundi 7.29 2027 down 6.8% falling
133 Egypt 7.05 2027 down 44.1% falling
134 Romania 7.04 2027 down 4.1% falling
135 Dominican Republic 6.93 2027 down 28.3% falling
136 Turkmenistan 6.83 2027 up 1.1% falling
137 Comoros 6.46 2027 up 0.2% flat
138 Pakistan 6.38 2027 up 74.4% volatile
139 Kazakhstan 6.35 2027 down 5.6% falling
140 Croatia 6.28 2027 down 52.6% falling
141 Bangladesh 6.27 2027 up 3.7% rising
142 Slovenia 6.22 2027 down 51.2% falling
143 Sri Lanka 6.12 2027 down 8.0% falling
144 Oman 6.1 2027 up 19.9% rising
145 Papua New Guinea 6.07 2027 down 2.8% rising
146 Bolivia 6.02 2027 down 15.1% rising
147 Solomon Islands 5.98 2027 up 16.8% falling
148 Mongolia 5.83 2027 down 20.9% falling
149 Slovakia 5.74 2027 down 39.7% falling
150 Tonga 5.66 2027 up 5.2% rising
151 Malta 5.6 2027 down 12.8% falling
152 Guinea-Bissau 5.51 2027 down 7.5% falling
153 South Korea 5.5 2027 down 2.7% rising
154 Samoa 5.43 2027 down 43.8% flat
155 Hungary 5.39 2027 up 3.7% falling
156 Saudi Arabia 5.39 2027 down 31.9% flat
157 Malaysia 5.28 2027 down 19.4% falling
158 Kuwait 5.19 2027 up 5.4% rising
159 United States 5.13 2027 up 1.2% falling
160 Japan 5.1 2027 down 25.1% falling
161 Liberia 4.99 2027 down 6.3% rising
162 Germany 4.94 2027 down 32.3% falling
163 Mali 4.79 2027 up 39.8% rising
164 Kyrgyzstan 4.73 2027 down 36.2% falling
165 Bhutan 4.68 2027 up 4.7% falling
166 Israel 4.23 2027 down 33.8% falling
167 Poland 4.08 2027 down 37.1% volatile
168 Jamaica 4.04 2027 down 51.4% falling
169 Bahrain 3.94 2027 up 3.7% rising
170 Hong Kong 3.85 2027 down 10.0% falling
171 Togo 3.83 2027 down 31.0% falling
172 Burkina Faso 3.81 2027 down 29.5% falling
173 Qatar 3.78 2027 up 7.4% rising
174 Singapore 3.64 2027 down 49.1% falling
175 Senegal 3.49 2027 down 30.7% falling
176 Myanmar 3.48 2027 down 11.1% rising
177 Bulgaria 3.38 2027 down 50.9% falling
178 Vietnam 3.31 2027 down 3.0% falling
179 Belarus 3.29 2027 down 49.4% falling
180 Czechia 3.28 2027 down 1.6% falling
181 Macao 3.26 2027 up 28.7% falling
182 Moldova 2.96 2027 down 43.2% falling
183 United Arab Emirates 2.4 2027 down 12.2% falling
184 East Timor 2.15 2027 down 56.9% falling
185 Laos 2.13 2027 down 53.3% rising
186 Russia 1.83 2027 down 68.6% falling
187 Cambodia 1.42 2027 down 1.9% falling
188 Thailand 1.24 2027 down 23.9% falling

Regions and income groups

Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.

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LU2: Combined rate of time-related underemployment and unemployment by country. Statizoid, drawing on International Labour Organization. Retrieved 17 September 2026, from https://labour.statizoid.com/stat/lu2-combined-rate-of-time-related-underemployment-and-unemployment-ilo-modelled-estimates-2/

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About this data

Indicator
LU2: Combined rate of time-related underemployment and unemployment (ILO modelled estimates)
Source
International Labour Organization
Licence
ILO Terms of Use (attribution required)
Coverage
276 places, 6,324 data points, 2005–2027
Last refreshed

Imputed observations are not based on national data, are subject to high uncertainty and should not be used for country comparisons or rankings. This series is based on the 13th ICLS definitions. LU2 represents the share of the labour force that are either in unemployment or time-related underemployment. For more information, refer to the ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST) database description.