Time-related underemployment (previous ILO definition - ICLS13) (15+) by country
With the aim of promoting international comparability, statistics presented on ILOSTAT are based on standard international definitions wherever feasible and may differ from official national figures. This series is based on the 13th ICLS definitions. For time series comparability, it includes countries that have...
What the numbers show
Time-related underemployment (previous ILO definition - ICLS13) (15+) is currently reported for 90 countries. The highest value is 7,328 in Indonesia; the lowest is 1.01 in Seychelles.
The median across all reporting countries is 139.65, and the mean is 504.86.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 7,255.
Over the past decade 39 countries rose and 49 fell. The largest increase was in Zimbabwe (up 14,194.0%), and the largest decrease in Angola (down 81.4%).
Time-related underemployment (previous ILO definition - ICLS13): full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Indonesia | 7,328 | 2023 | up 61.4% | rising |
| 2 | Brazil | 4,458 | 2025 | up 0.6% | rising |
| 3 | Türkiye | 2,851 | 2025 | up 560.2% | volatile |
| 4 | France | 2,349 | 2024 | down 6.9% | rising |
| 5 | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 1,729 | 2025 | down 13.7% | rising |
| 6 | Bangladesh | 1,709 | 2024 | up 71.5% | rising |
| 7 | Argentina | 1,625 | 2025 | up 44.9% | rising |
| 8 | Iran, Islamic Republic of | 1,542 | 2024 | down 7.9% | rising |
| 9 | Ecuador | 1,495 | 2025 | up 92.3% | rising |
| 10 | Spain | 1,314 | 2025 | down 21.9% | rising |
| 11 | United States of America | 1,293 | 2025 | up 4.0% | rising |
| 12 | Rwanda | 1,210 | 2025 | down 39.4% | volatile |
| 13 | Colombia | 1,089 | 2025 | down 24.0% | falling |
| 14 | Peru | 1,070 | 2025 | up 66.6% | falling |
| 15 | Uganda | 946.66 | 2021 | down 75.6% | volatile |
| 16 | Viet Nam | 919.14 | 2024 | down 23.8% | falling |
| 17 | Australia | 882.8 | 2025 | down 35.0% | rising |
| 18 | South Africa | 814.37 | 2024 | up 14.6% | rising |
| 19 | Ghana | 786.32 | 2024 | up 4,819.1% | volatile |
| 20 | Republic of Korea | 738.61 | 2025 | up 51.0% | rising |
| 21 | Chile | 666.05 | 2025 | down 31.4% | falling |
| 22 | Guatemala | 663.32 | 2025 | up 107.3% | rising |
| 23 | Italy | 620.02 | 2024 | down 44.9% | rising |
| 24 | Netherlands | 611.6 | 2024 | up 4.1% | volatile |
| 25 | Germany | 547.53 | 2024 | down 70.1% | volatile |
| 26 | Bolivia, Plurinational State of | 403.47 | 2025 | up 246.3% | falling |
| 27 | Pakistan | 322.71 | 2025 | up 32.4% | rising |
| 28 | Canada | 312.77 | 2025 | up 1.2% | rising |
| 29 | Zimbabwe | 255.86 | 2024 | up 14,194.0% | volatile |
| 30 | Portugal | 246.23 | 2025 | down 34.6% | volatile |
| 31 | Sweden | 236.65 | 2024 | up 1.6% | rising |
| 32 | Switzerland | 229.13 | 2025 | down 22.1% | rising |
| 33 | Egypt | 224.49 | 2024 | down 23.6% | falling |
| 34 | Belgium | 220.15 | 2024 | up 11.5% | volatile |
| 35 | Zambia | 218.15 | 2024 | up 8.7% | rising |
| 36 | Finland | 216.27 | 2024 | up 57.8% | rising |
| 37 | Ireland | 204.12 | 2024 | up 21.2% | rising |
| 38 | Cambodia | 186.95 | 2025 | up 308.2% | volatile |
| 39 | Honduras | 181.3 | 2025 | down 63.4% | volatile |
| 40 | Thailand | 163.41 | 2025 | down 40.0% | falling |
| 41 | Uruguay | 162.28 | 2025 | up 34.3% | rising |
| 42 | Sri Lanka | 161.75 | 2024 | up 8.6% | rising |
| 43 | Mali | 150.29 | 2024 | up 29.2% | rising |
| 44 | Serbia | 148.19 | 2020 | up 41.9% | rising |
| 45 | Poland | 143.57 | 2025 | down 60.5% | falling |
| 46 | Denmark | 135.72 | 2024 | up 77.6% | volatile |
| 47 | Greece | 134.45 | 2025 | down 51.2% | rising |
| 48 | Austria | 127.04 | 2025 | down 33.9% | rising |
| 49 | Angola | 117.02 | 2025 | down 81.4% | volatile |
| 50 | Norway | 107.25 | 2024 | up 17.2% | rising |
| 51 | El Salvador | 97.74 | 2025 | down 51.5% | falling |
| 52 | Panama | 94.35 | 2025 | up 14.3% | rising |
| 53 | Dominican Republic | 91.85 | 2025 | down 61.8% | volatile |
| 54 | Romania | 81.54 | 2024 | down 67.4% | falling |
| 55 | Costa Rica | 59.84 | 2025 | down 74.7% | falling |
| 56 | Botswana | 56.07 | 2024 | down 6.5% | rising |
| 57 | Hong Kong, China | 55.5 | 2025 | up 4.1% | rising |
| 58 | Senegal | 53.69 | 2024 | up 24.8% | falling |
| 59 | Paraguay | 50.04 | 2017 | up 36.7% | volatile |
| 60 | Georgia | 47.3 | 2025 | down 55.4% | falling |
| 61 | Singapore | 45.09 | 2025 | — | falling |
| 62 | Albania | 38.88 | 2024 | down 76.9% | falling |
| 63 | Hungary | 35.67 | 2024 | down 61.3% | volatile |
| 64 | Croatia | 33.48 | 2024 | down 39.9% | rising |
| 65 | Czechia | 33.17 | 2024 | down 9.8% | rising |
| 66 | Slovenia | 32.38 | 2024 | down 46.0% | volatile |
| 67 | Guyana | 27.14 | 2024 | down 21.5% | falling |
| 68 | Lithuania | 24.52 | 2024 | down 37.7% | volatile |
| 69 | Cyprus | 23.19 | 2024 | down 57.0% | volatile |
| 70 | Latvia | 21.9 | 2024 | down 40.0% | falling |
| 71 | Belarus | 18.01 | 2024 | down 59.6% | falling |
| 72 | Mauritius | 15.87 | 2019 | up 38.5% | rising |
| 73 | Slovakia | 11.92 | 2023 | down 65.4% | volatile |
| 74 | Palestine, State of | 11.76 | 2025 | down 67.3% | falling |
| 75 | Estonia | 11.48 | 2024 | up 54.6% | falling |
| 76 | Republic of Moldova | 11.09 | 2025 | down 80.9% | falling |
| 77 | Luxembourg | 10.83 | 2024 | up 99.2% | volatile |
| 78 | Bulgaria | 10.83 | 2024 | down 73.6% | volatile |
| 79 | Malta | 10.77 | 2024 | up 33.8% | rising |
| 80 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 9.38 | 2025 | down 76.9% | falling |
| 81 | Iceland | 8.39 | 2023 | down 9.7% | rising |
| 82 | North Macedonia | 8.17 | 2025 | down 46.5% | falling |
| 83 | Barbados | 7.86 | 2024 | up 55.9% | rising |
| 84 | Brunei Darussalam | 6.96 | 2024 | down 9.1% | falling |
| 85 | Belize | 5.16 | 2017 | — | rising |
| 86 | Montenegro | 2.08 | 2024 | down 61.4% | falling |
| 87 | Grenada | 1.7 | 2023 | down 12.0% | falling |
| 88 | Jordan | 1.69 | 2024 | down 77.8% | flat |
| 89 | Mongolia | 1.5 | 2025 | down 80.7% | falling |
| 90 | Seychelles | 1.01 | 2025 | up 13.0% | rising |
About this data
With the aim of promoting international comparability, statistics presented on ILOSTAT are based on standard international definitions wherever feasible and may differ from official national figures. This series is based on the 13th ICLS definitions. For time series comparability, it includes countries that have implemented the 19th ICLS standards, for which data are also available in the Work Statistics -- 19th ICLS (WORK) database. Persons in time-related underemployment comprise all persons in employment, who satisfy the following three criteria during the reference period: a) are willing to work additional hours; b) are available to work additional hours i.e., are ready, within a specified subsequent period, to work additional hours, given opportunities for additional work; and c) worked less than a threshold relating to working time i.e., persons whose hours actually worked in all jobs during the reference period were below a threshold, to be chosen according to national circumstances. For details, refer to the Resolution concerning the measurement of underemployment and inadequate employment situations. Data disaggregated by level of education are provided on the highest level of education completed, classified according to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED). Data may have been regrouped from national classifications, which may not be strictly compatible with ISCED. For more information, refer to the Education and Mismatch Indicators (EMI) database description.