Time-related underemployment (ILO modelled estimates) in European Union 28
European Union 28: Time-related underemployment (ILO modelled estimates) was 9,021 in 2027. ▼ Falling
Time-related underemployment (ILO modelled estimates) in European Union 28, 2005–2027
Source: International Labour Organization.
Analysis
In 2027, time-related underemployment (ilo modelled estimates) in European Union 28 stood at 9,021.
Compared with earlier readings it is down 0.1% on the previous year and down 20.0% over ten years.
Over the whole period, time-related underemployment (ilo modelled estimates) in European Union 28 peaked at 13,577 in 2013 and was at its lowest, 7,326, in 2005.
European Union 28 ranks 40th of 87 groups on this measure, in the middle of the range.
The long-run direction has been consistently falling across the 23 years of available data.
Time-related underemployment (ILO modelled estimates) in European Union 28, year by year
| Year | Value | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 2005 | 7,326 | — |
| 2006 | 7,811 | +6.6% |
| 2007 | 8,405 | +7.6% |
| 2008 | 10,375 | +23.4% |
| 2009 | 11,887 | +14.6% |
| 2010 | 12,103 | +1.8% |
| 2011 | 11,869 | -1.9% |
| 2012 | 12,761 | +7.5% |
| 2013 | 13,577 | +6.4% |
| 2014 | 13,205 | -2.7% |
| 2015 | 12,542 | -5.0% |
| 2016 | 11,814 | -5.8% |
| 2017 | 11,283 | -4.5% |
| 2018 | 10,306 | -8.7% |
| 2019 | 9,938 | -3.6% |
| 2020 | 11,717 | +17.9% |
| 2021 | 10,584 | -9.7% |
| 2022 | 9,516 | -10.1% |
| 2023 | 9,266 | -2.6% |
| 2024 | 9,051 | -2.3% |
| 2025 | 9,043 | -0.1% |
| 2026 | 9,034 | -0.1% |
| 2027 | 9,021 | -0.1% |
Averages by decade
| Decade | Average | Lowest | Highest | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000s | 9,161 | 7,326 | 11,887 | 5 |
| 2010s | 11,940 | 9,938 | 13,577 | 10 |
| 2020s | 9,654 | 9,021 | 11,717 | 8 |
Countries ranked near European Union 28
- 37 Ghana 961.45 compare
- 38 Azerbaijan 935.18 compare
- 39 Iraq 928.99 compare
- 40 South Africa 895.49 compare
- 41 Korea, Democratic People's Republic of 822.57 compare
- 42 Republic of Korea 758.88 compare
- 43 Nicaragua 748.85 compare
More work & labour data for European Union 28
- Labour force (ILO modelled estimates) 254,923 (2027)
- Labour force participation rate (ILO modelled estimates) 57.21 (2027)
- Persons outside the labour force (ILO modelled estimates) 190,645 (2027)
- Employment-to-population ratio (ILO modelled estimates) 53.96 (2027)
- Persons outside the labour force (ILO modelled estimates) (15+) 0.8736 % change on previous year (2027)
- Labour force (ILO modelled estimates) (15+), annual growth rate -0.3826 % change on previous year (2027)
- Employment 242,261 (2025)
- Employment (ILO modelled estimates) 242,261 (2025)
- Labour force participation rate (previous ILO definition - ICLS13) 57.21 (2027)
- NEET: Youth not in employment, education or training 6,133 (2027)
Frequently asked questions
- What is time-related underemployment (ilo modelled estimates) in European Union 28?
- Time-related underemployment (ilo modelled estimates) in European Union 28 was 9,021 in 2027, according to International Labour Organization.
- What is the highest time-related underemployment (ilo modelled estimates) recorded in European Union 28?
- The highest recorded value was 13,577 in 2013.
- What is the lowest time-related underemployment (ilo modelled estimates) recorded in European Union 28?
- The lowest recorded value was 7,326 in 2005.
- How does European Union 28 rank for time-related underemployment (ilo modelled estimates)?
- European Union 28 ranks 40th out of 87 groups with data for 2027.
- Is time-related underemployment (ilo modelled estimates) rising or falling in European Union 28?
- Over the last ten years it is down 20.0%. The long-run trend across the full record is falling.
- Where does this European Union 28 data come from?
- The figures come from International Labour Organization, published as part of Time-related underemployment (ILO modelled estimates) (15+). Statizoid updates them automatically from the source API.
Download this data
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About this data
Imputed observations are not based on national data, are subject to high uncertainty and should not be used for country comparisons or rankings. This series is based on the 13th ICLS definitions. Persons in time-related underemployment comprise all persons in employment, who satisfy the following three criteria during the reference period: a) are willing to work additional hours; b) are available to work additional hours i.e., are ready, within a specified subsequent period, to work additional hours, given opportunities for additional work; and c) worked less than a threshold relating to working time i.e., persons whose hours actually worked in all jobs during the reference period were below a threshold, to be chosen according to national circumstances. For details, refer to the Resolution concerning the measurement of underemployment and inadequate employment situations. For more information, refer to the ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST) database description.