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Time-related underemployment rate (ILO modelled estimates) (15+) by country

Imputed observations are not based on national data, are subject to high uncertainty and should not be used for country comparisons or rankings. This series is based on the 13th ICLS definitions. The time-related underemployment rate conveys the number of persons in time-related underemployment as a percent of the...

Countries reporting
188
Highest
37.79
Benin
Lowest
0.001
Russian Federation
Median
4.41
Years covered
23
2005–2027
Data points
6,324

What the numbers show

Time-related underemployment rate (ILO modelled estimates) (15+) is currently reported for 188 countries. The highest value is 37.79 in Benin; the lowest is 0.001 in Russian Federation.

The median across all reporting countries is 4.41, and the mean is 5.5.

The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 37,787.

Over the past decade 53 countries rose and 134 fell. The largest increase was in Eswatini (up 374.7%), and the largest decrease in Russian Federation (down 99.8%).

Time-related underemployment rate (ILO modelled estimates): full country ranking

#Country LatestYear 10-year changeTrend
1 Benin 37.79 2027 up 0.1% flat
2 Ethiopia 28.08 2027 up 3.1% rising
3 Nicaragua 22.9 2027 up 3.7% flat
4 Afghanistan 19.86 2027 up 2.5% rising
5 Ecuador 19.59 2027 up 23.0% rising
6 Azerbaijan 18.94 2027 up 1.5% rising
7 Algeria 18.47 2027 down 1.6% flat
8 Cape Verde 14.78 2027 down 7.5% falling
9 Gambia 13.27 2027 up 4.1% falling
10 Suriname 13.22 2027 down 0.3% flat
11 Tanzania, United Republic of 13.1 2027 down 1.6% rising
12 Haiti 12.91 2027 up 1.4% flat
13 Argentina 12.37 2027 up 4.3% rising
14 Rwanda 12.14 2027 down 21.2% falling
15 Kenya 11.4 2027 up 60.2% rising
16 Armenia 11.35 2027 down 8.9% falling
17 Côte d'Ivoire 10.02 2027 down 4.9% falling
18 Cameroon 9.94 2027 down 2.1% falling
19 Morocco 9.78 2027 down 3.0% falling
20 Maldives 9.72 2027 down 0.7% falling
21 Eswatini 9.49 2027 up 374.7% volatile
22 Congo 9.44 2027 down 1.0% flat
23 Vanuatu 9.15 2027 down 1.9% falling
24 Namibia 9.02 2027 down 2.9% flat
25 Nigeria 9.01 2027 down 10.1% falling
26 Uruguay 8.97 2027 up 8.6% falling
27 Guyana 8.92 2027 down 33.3% falling
28 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 8.76 2027 down 3.5% flat
29 South Sudan 8.65 2023 down 0.2% flat
30 Gabon 8.65 2027 down 0.3% rising
31 Djibouti 8.49 2027 down 0.8% flat
32 Finland 8.34 2027 up 38.3% rising
33 New Caledonia 8.34 2027 down 27.8% falling
34 Iraq 8.3 2027 up 9.0% rising
35 Libya 8.29 2027 down 1.7% flat
36 Panama 8.26 2027 up 57.4% rising
37 Eritrea 8.16 2027 up 0.3% flat
38 France 8.11 2027 down 7.1% rising
39 Mozambique 8.09 2027 down 3.2% falling
40 Peru 7.99 2027 down 13.6% falling
41 Yemen 7.98 2027 down 4.2% rising
42 Central African Republic 7.98 2027 up 0.7% flat
43 Mexico 7.96 2027 down 2.7% flat
44 Bahamas 7.92 2027 down 3.9% falling
45 Saint Lucia 7.66 2027 down 16.7% falling
46 Niger 7.65 2027 up 3.7% flat
47 Equatorial Guinea 7.64 2027 down 0.1% flat
48 Ireland 7.62 2027 up 18.1% rising
49 Western Sahara 7.58 2027 down 0.8% rising
50 Sierra Leone 7.57 2027 down 2.6% falling
51 Lesotho 7.49 2027 up 132.1% rising
52 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 7.43 2027 down 0.4% flat
53 Malawi 7.4 2027 down 0.8% falling
54 Nepal 7.36 2027 down 0.9% flat
55 United States Virgin Islands 7.33 2027 down 6.1% flat
56 El Salvador 7.29 2027 down 15.8% flat
57 Ghana 7.23 2027 down 23.1% rising
58 Philippines 7.14 2027 down 5.7% falling
59 Guinea 7.02 2027 down 0.9% flat
60 Chad 6.91 2027 down 0.8% flat
61 Türkiye 6.91 2027 up 23.9% rising
62 Madagascar 6.88 2027 up 3.6% flat
63 Switzerland 6.8 2027 down 0.7% rising
64 Botswana 6.77 2027 down 3.4% rising
65 Chile 6.73 2027 down 45.0% falling
66 Australia 6.71 2027 down 25.9% flat
67 Iran, Islamic Republic of 6.68 2027 down 60.0% flat
68 Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of 6.67 2027 down 7.0% falling
69 Guatemala 6.65 2027 up 10.6% falling
70 Trinidad and Tobago 6.63 2027 down 6.3% falling
71 Georgia 6.53 2027 down 0.8% rising
72 Burundi 6.48 2027 down 2.7% falling
73 Puerto Rico 6.38 2027 down 6.9% falling
74 Cuba 6.26 2027 down 6.5% flat
75 Sao Tome and Principe 6.23 2027 unchanged falling
76 Netherlands 6.04 2027 up 8.6% falling
77 Spain 5.96 2027 down 28.3% flat
78 Barbados 5.75 2027 up 28.9% rising
79 Mauritania 5.5 2027 down 0.9% flat
80 Belgium 5.38 2027 up 28.6% rising
81 Honduras 5.29 2027 down 56.0% volatile
82 Uganda 5.25 2027 down 44.3% rising
83 Indonesia 5.24 2027 up 26.3% rising
84 Portugal 5.08 2027 down 31.5% rising
85 Zimbabwe 4.93 2027 down 57.9% falling
86 South Africa 4.85 2027 down 6.0% flat
87 Colombia 4.84 2027 down 27.5% falling
88 Serbia 4.83 2027 down 33.5% rising
89 Cyprus 4.82 2027 down 57.1% rising
90 Brazil 4.79 2027 down 26.0% falling
90 Korea, Democratic People's Republic of 4.79 2027 down 4.8% falling
92 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 4.75 2027 down 16.1% falling
93 Solomon Islands 4.63 2027 up 4.8% flat
94 Somalia 4.41 2027 up 2.1% flat
95 Sweden 4.41 2027 up 31.6% falling
96 New Zealand 4.26 2027 down 2.5% rising
97 Guam 4.19 2027 down 4.9% falling
98 China 4.14 2027 down 9.6% falling
99 French Polynesia 4.11 2027 down 10.1% falling
100 Iceland 4.04 2027 down 2.6% rising
101 Belize 4.03 2027 up 16.6% rising
102 Paraguay 4.01 2027 down 44.5% falling
103 Taiwan, China 3.92 2027 down 5.8% falling
104 India 3.83 2027 down 8.2% falling
105 Greece 3.82 2027 down 47.9% rising
106 Albania 3.77 2027 down 58.4% falling
107 Norway 3.76 2027 up 32.9% flat
108 Tonga 3.67 2027 up 10.5% rising
109 Qatar 3.66 2027 up 8.1% rising
110 Papua New Guinea 3.59 2027 down 4.6% flat
111 Bolivia, Plurinational State of 3.54 2027 down 0.9% falling
112 Denmark 3.52 2027 down 13.3% rising
113 Angola 3.42 2027 down 45.1% falling
114 Sudan 3.4 2022 down 45.2% falling
115 Luxembourg 3.4 2027 up 48.8% rising
116 Costa Rica 3.39 2027 down 53.3% falling
117 Slovenia 3.37 2027 down 49.1% flat
118 Brunei Darussalam 3.17 2027 down 30.3% falling
119 Kuwait 3.08 2027 up 11.7% rising
120 Malta 3.05 2027 up 21.6% rising
121 Oman 2.9 2027 up 10.2% rising
122 Guinea-Bissau 2.88 2027 down 2.9% falling
123 Zambia 2.87 2027 down 22.5% falling
124 Bahrain 2.86 2027 up 7.9% rising
125 Japan 2.8 2027 down 31.7% falling
126 Austria 2.79 2027 down 36.5% falling
127 Uzbekistan 2.78 2027 down 19.4% falling
128 Comoros 2.74 2027 up 9.3% rising
129 Fiji 2.7 2027 up 6.6% rising
130 Republic of Korea 2.62 2027 up 26.1% volatile
131 Italy 2.58 2027 down 36.6% rising
132 Saudi Arabia 2.56 2027 up 19.1% rising
133 Mauritius 2.55 2027 down 12.4% rising
134 Bangladesh 2.49 2027 up 42.6% rising
135 Sri Lanka 2.41 2027 down 11.3% falling
136 Dominican Republic 2.31 2027 down 43.3% falling
137 Liberia 2.22 2027 down 4.7% rising
138 Turkmenistan 2.18 2027 down 23.0% falling
139 Mali 2.16 2027 up 10.1% rising
140 Tajikistan 2.15 2027 down 23.9% falling
141 Lebanon 2.1 2023 down 18.4% falling
142 Latvia 2.06 2027 down 46.8% volatile
143 Croatia 1.95 2027 down 20.5% falling
144 Palestine, State of 1.94 2022 down 22.6% falling
145 Togo 1.78 2027 down 5.2% falling
146 Kazakhstan 1.76 2027 down 8.2% volatile
147 Viet Nam 1.73 2027 up 9.9% falling
148 Syrian Arab Republic 1.66 2027 up 32.7% rising
149 Lithuania 1.63 2027 up 15.1% falling
150 Estonia 1.57 2027 up 78.1% falling
151 Malaysia 1.57 2027 down 51.8% falling
152 Bhutan 1.5 2027 up 0.6% falling
153 Republic of Moldova 1.47 2027 down 59.6% falling
154 Canada 1.45 2027 down 21.5% falling
155 Myanmar 1.28 2027 down 50.4% falling
156 Pakistan 1.22 2027 up 160.1% rising
157 Germany 1.17 2027 down 67.9% volatile
158 Cambodia 1.14 2027 down 13.1% falling
159 North Macedonia 1.11 2027 down 46.4% volatile
160 Israel 1.11 2027 down 52.7% falling
161 Hong Kong, China 1.1 2027 down 7.4% falling
162 Romania 1.07 2027 down 57.8% falling
163 Kyrgyzstan 1.03 2027 down 67.1% falling
164 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.02 2027 down 81.3% volatile
165 Lao People's Democratic Republic 0.891 2027 down 33.2% rising
166 Montenegro 0.813 2027 down 58.3% volatile
167 United States of America 0.77 2027 up 3.1% falling
168 Poland 0.753 2027 down 55.7% volatile
169 Hungary 0.74 2027 down 32.2% volatile
170 Senegal 0.695 2027 down 30.5% flat
171 Singapore 0.637 2027 down 79.4% falling
172 Mongolia 0.572 2027 down 47.3% volatile
173 Macau, China 0.532 2027 down 5.5% volatile
174 Slovakia 0.528 2027 down 64.6% volatile
175 Czechia 0.495 2027 up 8.6% rising
176 Tunisia 0.493 2027 down 26.0% volatile
177 Jamaica 0.442 2027 down 56.0% falling
178 Thailand 0.43 2027 down 46.9% volatile
179 Timor-Leste 0.389 2027 down 49.2% rising
180 Burkina Faso 0.28 2027 down 63.7% falling
181 Bulgaria 0.266 2027 down 65.0% volatile
182 Ukraine 0.256 2021 down 1.2% volatile
183 Egypt 0.251 2027 down 73.8% volatile
184 Belarus 0.243 2027 down 73.3% falling
185 Samoa 0.23 2027 down 20.7% volatile
186 United Arab Emirates 0.218 2027 down 22.1% falling
187 Jordan 0.177 2027 down 50.7% flat
188 Russian Federation 0.001 2027 down 99.8% volatile

Regions and income groups

Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.

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Time-related underemployment rate (ILO modelled estimates) by country. Statizoid, drawing on International Labour Organization. Retrieved 25 August 2026, from https://labour.statizoid.com/stat/time-related-underemployment-rate-ilo-modelled-estimates-15/

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About this data

Indicator
Time-related underemployment rate (ILO modelled estimates) (15+)
Source
International Labour Organization
Licence
ILO Terms of Use (attribution required)
Coverage
276 places, 6,324 data points, 2005–2027
Last refreshed

Imputed observations are not based on national data, are subject to high uncertainty and should not be used for country comparisons or rankings. This series is based on the 13th ICLS definitions. The time-related underemployment rate conveys the number of persons in time-related underemployment as a percent of the total number of persons in employment. Persons in time-related underemployment comprise all persons in employment, who satisfy the following three criteria during the reference period: a) are willing to work additional hours; b) are available to work additional hours i.e., are ready, within a specified subsequent period, to work additional hours, given opportunities for additional work; and c) worked less than a threshold relating to working time i.e., persons whose hours actually worked in all jobs during the reference period were below a threshold, to be chosen according to national circumstances. For more information, refer to the ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST) database description.