LU4: Composite rate of labour underutilization in Europe and Central Asia: Upper-middle income
Europe and Central Asia: Upper-middle income: LU4: Composite rate of labour underutilization was 16.59 in 2027. ▬ Flat
LU4: Composite rate of labour underutilization in Europe and Central Asia: Upper-middle income, 2005–2027
Source: International Labour Organization.
Analysis
In 2027, lu4: composite rate of labour underutilization in Europe and Central Asia: Upper-middle income stood at 16.59.
The figure is up 0.6% on the previous year and down 10.8% over ten years.
Over the whole period, lu4: composite rate of labour underutilization in Europe and Central Asia: Upper-middle income peaked at 20.77 in 2020 and was at its lowest, 16.42, in 2025.
That places Europe and Central Asia: Upper-middle income 30th out of 87 groups with data for 2027, putting it in the middle of the range.
LU4: Composite rate of labour underutilization in Europe and Central Asia: Upper-middle income, year by year
| Year | Value | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 2005 | 17.96 | — |
| 2006 | 17.75 | -1.2% |
| 2007 | 16.85 | -5.1% |
| 2008 | 16.8 | -0.3% |
| 2009 | 19.51 | +16.1% |
| 2010 | 18.73 | -4.0% |
| 2011 | 17.98 | -4.0% |
| 2012 | 17.89 | -0.5% |
| 2013 | 18.1 | +1.2% |
| 2014 | 18.78 | +3.8% |
| 2015 | 18.93 | +0.8% |
| 2016 | 19.05 | +0.6% |
| 2017 | 18.59 | -2.4% |
| 2018 | 18.1 | -2.7% |
| 2019 | 19.21 | +6.1% |
| 2020 | 20.77 | +8.1% |
| 2021 | 19.1 | -8.0% |
| 2022 | 17.73 | -7.2% |
| 2023 | 16.89 | -4.7% |
| 2024 | 16.47 | -2.5% |
| 2025 | 16.42 | -0.3% |
| 2026 | 16.49 | +0.5% |
| 2027 | 16.59 | +0.6% |
Averages by decade
| Decade | Average | Lowest | Highest | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000s | 17.78 | 16.8 | 19.51 | 5 |
| 2010s | 18.54 | 17.89 | 19.21 | 10 |
| 2020s | 17.56 | 16.42 | 20.77 | 8 |
More work & labour data for Europe and Central Asia: Upper-middle income
- Labour force (ILO modelled estimates) 91,728 (2027)
- Labour force participation rate (ILO modelled estimates) 56.7 (2027)
- Persons outside the labour force (ILO modelled estimates) 70,047 (2027)
- Unemployment rate (ILO modelled estimates) 7.97 (2027)
- Labour dependency ratio 1.38 (2027)
- Output per worker, GDP constant 2021 international $ at PPP 72,671 (2027)
- Output per worker, GDP constant 2015 US $ 25,874 (2027)
- Employment-to-population ratio (ILO modelled estimates) 52.18 (2027)
- Persons outside the labour force (ILO modelled estimates) (15+) 0.5908 % change on previous year (2027)
- Labour force (ILO modelled estimates) (15+), annual growth rate 0.5777 % change on previous year (2027)
Frequently asked questions
- What is lu4: composite rate of labour underutilization in Europe and Central Asia: Upper-middle income?
- Lu4: composite rate of labour underutilization in Europe and Central Asia: Upper-middle income was 16.59 in 2027, according to International Labour Organization.
- What is the highest lu4: composite rate of labour underutilization recorded in Europe and Central Asia: Upper-middle income?
- The highest recorded value was 20.77 in 2020.
- What is the lowest lu4: composite rate of labour underutilization recorded in Europe and Central Asia: Upper-middle income?
- The lowest recorded value was 16.42 in 2025.
- How does Europe and Central Asia: Upper-middle income rank for lu4: composite rate of labour underutilization?
- Europe and Central Asia: Upper-middle income ranks 30th out of 87 groups with data for 2027.
- Is lu4: composite rate of labour underutilization rising or falling in Europe and Central Asia: Upper-middle income?
- Over the last ten years it is down 10.8%. The long-run trend across the full record is flat.
- Where does this Europe and Central Asia: Upper-middle income data come from?
- The figures come from International Labour Organization, published as part of LU4: Composite rate of labour underutilization (ILO modelled estimates). Statizoid updates them automatically from the source API.
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About this data
Imputed observations are not based on national data, are subject to high uncertainty and should not be used for country comparisons or rankings. This series is based on the 13th ICLS definitions. LU4 represents the share of the extended labour force that are in unemployment, time-related underemployment or the potential labour force. For more information, refer to the ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST) database description.