Time-related underemployment rate (previous ILO definition - ICLS13) (15+) by country
With the aim of promoting international comparability, statistics presented on ILOSTAT are based on standard international definitions wherever feasible and may differ from official national figures. This series is based on the 13th ICLS definitions. For time series comparability, it includes countries that have...
What the numbers show
Time-related underemployment rate (previous ILO definition - ICLS13) (15+) is currently reported for 90 countries. The highest value is 18.86 in Rwanda; the lowest is 0.059 in Jordan.
The median across all reporting countries is 3.18, and the mean is 3.85.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 320.
Over the past decade 28 countries rose and 60 fell. The largest increase was in Zimbabwe (up 17,606.9%), and the largest decrease in Angola (down 86.4%).
Time-related underemployment rate (previous ILO definition - ICLS13): full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Rwanda | 18.86 | 2025 | down 48.2% | falling |
| 2 | Ecuador | 17.95 | 2025 | up 65.1% | rising |
| 3 | Argentina | 12.12 | 2025 | up 19.4% | flat |
| 4 | Uruguay | 9.19 | 2025 | up 25.4% | falling |
| 5 | Türkiye | 8.75 | 2025 | up 439.6% | volatile |
| 6 | Guatemala | 8.42 | 2025 | up 64.2% | falling |
| 7 | Finland | 8.25 | 2024 | up 47.3% | rising |
| 8 | France | 8.09 | 2024 | down 15.4% | rising |
| 9 | Bolivia, Plurinational State of | 7.7 | 2025 | up 223.9% | falling |
| 10 | Ireland | 7.42 | 2024 | down 12.4% | rising |
| 11 | Guyana | 7.29 | 2024 | down 45.9% | falling |
| 12 | Chile | 7.08 | 2025 | down 39.5% | falling |
| 13 | Botswana | 6.5 | 2024 | down 11.6% | rising |
| 14 | Iran, Islamic Republic of | 6.28 | 2024 | down 21.3% | rising |
| 15 | Ghana | 6.22 | 2024 | up 4,580.4% | volatile |
| 16 | Barbados | 6.21 | 2024 | up 57.9% | rising |
| 17 | Netherlands | 6.2 | 2024 | down 13.1% | volatile |
| 18 | Australia | 6.04 | 2025 | down 47.5% | falling |
| 19 | Peru | 6 | 2025 | up 58.1% | falling |
| 20 | Spain | 5.91 | 2025 | down 37.2% | rising |
| 21 | Uganda | 5.27 | 2021 | down 83.1% | volatile |
| 22 | Indonesia | 5.26 | 2023 | up 38.6% | rising |
| 23 | Zimbabwe | 5.13 | 2024 | up 17,606.9% | volatile |
| 24 | Serbia | 5.12 | 2020 | up 17.5% | rising |
| 25 | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 5.07 | 2025 | down 21.1% | rising |
| 26 | Panama | 4.79 | 2025 | up 0.6% | rising |
| 27 | Cyprus | 4.76 | 2024 | down 68.0% | volatile |
| 28 | South Africa | 4.75 | 2024 | up 2.5% | rising |
| 29 | Switzerland | 4.69 | 2025 | down 27.6% | rising |
| 30 | Portugal | 4.67 | 2025 | down 43.5% | volatile |
| 31 | Colombia | 4.57 | 2025 | down 33.4% | falling |
| 32 | Sweden | 4.46 | 2024 | down 8.5% | rising |
| 33 | Honduras | 4.45 | 2025 | down 68.8% | rising |
| 34 | Denmark | 4.41 | 2024 | up 53.6% | volatile |
| 35 | Brazil | 4.35 | 2025 | down 9.7% | rising |
| 36 | Belgium | 4.35 | 2024 | up 0.0% | volatile |
| 37 | Iceland | 3.81 | 2023 | down 27.2% | rising |
| 38 | Norway | 3.69 | 2024 | up 5.8% | rising |
| 39 | Belize | 3.46 | 2017 | — | flat |
| 40 | Malta | 3.4 | 2024 | down 19.6% | falling |
| 41 | Luxembourg | 3.35 | 2024 | up 53.3% | volatile |
| 42 | Albania | 3.31 | 2024 | down 79.9% | falling |
| 43 | El Salvador | 3.27 | 2025 | down 56.8% | falling |
| 44 | Grenada | 3.26 | 2023 | down 23.1% | falling |
| 45 | Slovenia | 3.24 | 2024 | down 50.4% | volatile |
| 46 | Brunei Darussalam | 3.12 | 2024 | down 22.2% | falling |
| 47 | Greece | 3.1 | 2025 | down 59.7% | rising |
| 48 | Zambia | 3.05 | 2024 | down 17.7% | falling |
| 49 | Mauritius | 2.88 | 2019 | up 28.6% | rising |
| 50 | Austria | 2.82 | 2025 | down 39.0% | rising |
| 51 | Costa Rica | 2.68 | 2025 | down 75.7% | falling |
| 52 | Georgia | 2.65 | 2025 | down 57.8% | falling |
| 53 | Italy | 2.59 | 2024 | down 48.7% | rising |
| 54 | Republic of Korea | 2.56 | 2025 | up 37.8% | rising |
| 55 | Latvia | 2.48 | 2024 | down 39.9% | falling |
| 56 | Bangladesh | 2.47 | 2024 | up 44.2% | rising |
| 57 | Mali | 2.16 | 2024 | up 10.2% | falling |
| 58 | Sri Lanka | 2.04 | 2024 | up 2.2% | flat |
| 59 | Seychelles | 2 | 2025 | down 40.8% | falling |
| 60 | Croatia | 1.99 | 2024 | down 45.1% | rising |
| 61 | Singapore | 1.9 | 2025 | — | falling |
| 62 | Cambodia | 1.85 | 2025 | up 248.6% | volatile |
| 63 | Dominican Republic | 1.79 | 2025 | down 69.4% | volatile |
| 64 | Lithuania | 1.68 | 2024 | down 43.8% | volatile |
| 65 | Viet Nam | 1.66 | 2024 | down 27.2% | falling |
| 66 | Palestine, State of | 1.63 | 2025 | down 57.8% | falling |
| 67 | Estonia | 1.63 | 2024 | up 37.2% | falling |
| 68 | Paraguay | 1.55 | 2017 | up 8.2% | volatile |
| 69 | Hong Kong, China | 1.51 | 2025 | up 7.0% | rising |
| 70 | Canada | 1.49 | 2025 | down 14.0% | falling |
| 71 | Germany | 1.28 | 2024 | down 72.1% | volatile |
| 72 | North Macedonia | 1.17 | 2025 | down 46.2% | falling |
| 73 | Senegal | 1.15 | 2024 | down 0.5% | falling |
| 74 | Romania | 1.04 | 2024 | down 64.3% | falling |
| 75 | Angola | 0.837 | 2025 | down 86.4% | volatile |
| 76 | Poland | 0.83 | 2025 | down 63.1% | falling |
| 77 | United States of America | 0.791 | 2025 | down 5.3% | flat |
| 78 | Republic of Moldova | 0.787 | 2025 | down 78.1% | falling |
| 79 | Hungary | 0.757 | 2024 | down 66.3% | volatile |
| 80 | Montenegro | 0.736 | 2024 | down 70.5% | falling |
| 81 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.7 | 2025 | down 85.8% | falling |
| 82 | Egypt | 0.687 | 2024 | down 40.8% | falling |
| 83 | Czechia | 0.639 | 2024 | down 13.5% | rising |
| 84 | Slovakia | 0.457 | 2023 | down 69.1% | volatile |
| 85 | Pakistan | 0.416 | 2025 | down 5.7% | rising |
| 86 | Thailand | 0.412 | 2025 | down 42.5% | falling |
| 87 | Belarus | 0.375 | 2024 | down 58.8% | falling |
| 88 | Bulgaria | 0.369 | 2024 | down 73.2% | volatile |
| 89 | Mongolia | 0.11 | 2025 | down 83.8% | falling |
| 90 | Jordan | 0.059 | 2024 | down 83.6% | volatile |
About this data
With the aim of promoting international comparability, statistics presented on ILOSTAT are based on standard international definitions wherever feasible and may differ from official national figures. This series is based on the 13th ICLS definitions. For time series comparability, it includes countries that have implemented the 19th ICLS standards, for which data are also available in the Work Statistics -- 19th ICLS (WORK) database. The time-related underemployment rate conveys the number of persons in time-related underemployment as a percent of the total number of persons in employment. Persons in time-related underemployment comprise all persons in employment, who satisfy the following three criteria during the reference period: a) are willing to work additional hours; b) are available to work additional hours i.e., are ready, within a specified subsequent period, to work additional hours, given opportunities for additional work; and c) worked less than a threshold relating to working time i.e., persons whose hours actually worked in all jobs during the reference period were below a threshold, to be chosen according to national circumstances. Data disaggregated by level of education are provided on the highest level of education completed, classified according to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED). Data may have been regrouped from national classifications, which may not be strictly compatible with ISCED. For more information, refer to the Education and Mismatch Indicators (EMI) database description.