Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) in Lower middle income
Lower middle income: Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) was 65.5% in 2025. ▼ Falling
Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) in Lower middle income, 1991–2025
Source: ILO Modelled Estimates database (ILOEST), International Labour Organization (ILO).
Analysis
In 2025, vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) in Lower middle income stood at 65.5%. That is the lowest value across all 35 years on record.
That represents a change of down 0.5% on the previous year and down 4.8% over ten years.
Over the whole period, vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) in Lower middle income peaked at 76.6% in 1991 and was at its lowest, 65.5%, in 2025.
That places Lower middle income 14th out of 47 groups with data for 2025, putting it in the middle of the range.
The long-run direction has been consistently falling across the 35 years of available data.
Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) in Lower middle income, year by year
| Year | Value | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 1991 | 76.6% | — |
| 1992 | 76.3% | -0.4% |
| 1993 | 76.2% | -0.2% |
| 1994 | 76.0% | -0.3% |
| 1995 | 75.8% | -0.2% |
| 1996 | 75.6% | -0.3% |
| 1997 | 75.2% | -0.5% |
| 1998 | 75.2% | -0.0% |
| 1999 | 74.9% | -0.3% |
| 2000 | 74.8% | -0.2% |
| 2001 | 74.6% | -0.2% |
| 2002 | 74.3% | -0.4% |
| 2003 | 74.2% | -0.2% |
| 2004 | 74.0% | -0.2% |
| 2005 | 73.5% | -0.7% |
| 2006 | 73.0% | -0.6% |
| 2007 | 72.7% | -0.5% |
| 2008 | 72.5% | -0.3% |
| 2009 | 72.2% | -0.4% |
| 2010 | 71.8% | -0.5% |
| 2011 | 70.9% | -1.2% |
| 2012 | 70.0% | -1.3% |
| 2013 | 69.7% | -0.5% |
| 2014 | 69.1% | -0.7% |
| 2015 | 68.7% | -0.6% |
| 2016 | 68.2% | -0.8% |
| 2017 | 67.7% | -0.7% |
| 2018 | 67.1% | -0.8% |
| 2019 | 67.1% | -0.1% |
| 2020 | 67.3% | +0.3% |
| 2021 | 67.0% | -0.4% |
| 2022 | 66.7% | -0.4% |
| 2023 | 66.1% | -0.8% |
| 2024 | 65.8% | -0.5% |
| 2025 | 65.5% | -0.5% |
Averages by decade
| Decade | Average | Lowest | Highest | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990s | 75.8% | 74.9% | 76.6% | 9 |
| 2000s | 73.6% | 72.2% | 74.8% | 10 |
| 2010s | 69.0% | 67.1% | 71.8% | 10 |
| 2020s | 66.4% | 65.5% | 67.3% | 6 |
Countries ranked near Lower middle income
- 11 Burkina Faso 80.6% compare
- 12 South Sudan 80.3% compare
- 13 Central African Republic 79.4% compare
- 14 Guinea 79.2% compare
- 15 Benin 78.5% compare
- 16 Nepal 77.0% compare
- 17 Liberia 76.9% compare
More work & labour data for Lower middle income
- Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 80.0% (2025)
- Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, male (%) 49.0% (2025)
- Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, total (%) 38.7% (2025)
- Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, female (%) 27.7% (2025)
- Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages) 41.7% (2025)
- Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) 58.2% (2025)
- Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages) 61.2% (2025)
- Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15+) 76.8% (2025)
- Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages) 39.2% (2025)
- Ratio of female to male labor force participation rate (%) 53.7% (2025)
Frequently asked questions
- What is vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) in Lower middle income?
- Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) in Lower middle income was 65.5% in 2025, according to ILO Modelled Estimates database (ILOEST), International Labour Organization (ILO).
- What is the highest vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) recorded in Lower middle income?
- The highest recorded value was 76.6% in 1991.
- What is the lowest vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) recorded in Lower middle income?
- The lowest recorded value was 65.5% in 2025.
- How does Lower middle income rank for vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment)?
- Lower middle income ranks 14th out of 47 groups with data for 2025.
- Is vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) rising or falling in Lower middle income?
- Over the last ten years it is down 4.8%. The long-run trend across the full record is falling.
- Where does this Lower middle income data come from?
- The figures come from ILO Modelled Estimates database (ILOEST), International Labour Organization (ILO), published as part of Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate). Statizoid updates them automatically from the source API.
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About this data
Vulnerable employment is contributing family workers and own-account workers as a percentage of total employment.