Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) in Upper middle income
Upper middle income: Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) was 34.8% in 2025. ▼ Falling
Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) in Upper middle income, 1991–2025
Source: ILO Modelled Estimates database (ILOEST), International Labour Organization (ILO).
Analysis
Upper middle income recorded 34.8% for vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) in 2025. That is the lowest value across all 35 years on record.
That represents a change of down 0.9% on the previous year and down 6.2% over ten years.
Over the whole period, vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) in Upper middle income peaked at 50.6% in 1991 and was at its lowest, 34.8%, in 2025.
Upper middle income ranks 29th of 47 groups on this measure, in the middle of the range.
The long-run direction has been consistently falling across the 35 years of available data.
Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) in Upper middle income, year by year
| Year | Value | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 1991 | 50.6% | — |
| 1992 | 50.3% | -0.7% |
| 1993 | 49.8% | -1.0% |
| 1994 | 49.2% | -1.0% |
| 1995 | 48.7% | -1.0% |
| 1996 | 48.2% | -1.2% |
| 1997 | 47.6% | -1.2% |
| 1998 | 47.4% | -0.5% |
| 1999 | 47.0% | -0.9% |
| 2000 | 46.6% | -0.9% |
| 2001 | 45.7% | -1.8% |
| 2002 | 45.2% | -1.0% |
| 2003 | 44.8% | -0.9% |
| 2004 | 43.8% | -2.2% |
| 2005 | 43.1% | -1.7% |
| 2006 | 42.4% | -1.6% |
| 2007 | 41.9% | -1.3% |
| 2008 | 41.2% | -1.7% |
| 2009 | 40.7% | -1.1% |
| 2010 | 40.2% | -1.4% |
| 2011 | 39.5% | -1.6% |
| 2012 | 38.8% | -1.7% |
| 2013 | 38.3% | -1.3% |
| 2014 | 37.8% | -1.5% |
| 2015 | 37.1% | -1.9% |
| 2016 | 36.7% | -0.9% |
| 2017 | 36.5% | -0.7% |
| 2018 | 36.2% | -0.7% |
| 2019 | 35.9% | -0.8% |
| 2020 | 36.3% | +1.0% |
| 2021 | 36.1% | -0.4% |
| 2022 | 35.9% | -0.5% |
| 2023 | 35.5% | -1.1% |
| 2024 | 35.1% | -1.2% |
| 2025 | 34.8% | -0.9% |
Averages by decade
| Decade | Average | Lowest | Highest | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990s | 48.7% | 47.0% | 50.6% | 9 |
| 2000s | 43.5% | 40.7% | 46.6% | 10 |
| 2010s | 37.7% | 35.9% | 40.2% | 10 |
| 2020s | 35.6% | 34.8% | 36.3% | 6 |
Countries ranked near Upper middle income
- 26 Papua New Guinea 71.2% compare
- 27 Zambia 70.2% compare
- 28 Côte d'Ivoire 69.4% compare
- 29 Bhutan 69.0% compare
- 30 Solomon Islands 68.7% compare
- 31 Zimbabwe 68.2% compare
- 32 Cameroon 67.6% compare
More work & labour data for Upper middle income
- Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) 62.7% (2025)
- Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, female (%) 38.4% (2025)
- Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, male (%) 49.6% (2025)
- Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, total (%) 44.2% (2025)
- Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages) 60.6% (2025)
- Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 78.7% (2025)
- Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages) 53.4% (2025)
- Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages) 69.8% (2025)
- Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15+) 72.1% (2025)
- Ratio of female to male labor force participation rate (%) 75.6% (2025)
Frequently asked questions
- What is vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) in Upper middle income?
- Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) in Upper middle income was 34.8% in 2025, according to ILO Modelled Estimates database (ILOEST), International Labour Organization (ILO).
- What is the highest vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) recorded in Upper middle income?
- The highest recorded value was 50.6% in 1991.
- What is the lowest vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) recorded in Upper middle income?
- The lowest recorded value was 34.8% in 2025.
- How does Upper middle income rank for vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment)?
- Upper middle income ranks 29th out of 47 groups with data for 2025.
- Is vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) rising or falling in Upper middle income?
- Over the last ten years it is down 6.2%. The long-run trend across the full record is falling.
- Where does this Upper middle income data come from?
- The figures come from ILO Modelled Estimates database (ILOEST), International Labour Organization (ILO), published as part of Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate). Statizoid updates them automatically from the source API.
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About this data
Vulnerable employment is contributing family workers and own-account workers as a percentage of total employment.