LU2: Combined rate of time-related underemployment and unemployment in Spain

Spain: LU2: Combined rate of time-related underemployment and unemployment was 19.68 in 2023. ▲ Rising

Latest (2023)
19.68
Change on year
down 17.3%
World rank
5th
of 48 countries
All-time high
33.9
in 2013
All-time low
12.7
in 2007
Years of data
18
2004–2023

LU2: Combined rate of time-related underemployment and unemployment in Spain, 2004–2023

01020302004201320232004: 16.92005: 14.72006: 13.72007: 12.72008: 14.42009: 22.62010: 25.72011: 26.52012: 31.22013: 33.92014: 33.62015: 30.82016: 28.72017: 23.22018: 23.12019: 21.92020: 23.82023: 19.7

Source: International Labour Organization.

Analysis

In 2023, lu2: combined rate of time-related underemployment and unemployment in Spain stood at 19.68.

Compared with earlier readings it is down 17.3% on the previous year and down 41.9% over ten years.

Over the whole period, lu2: combined rate of time-related underemployment and unemployment in Spain peaked at 33.9 in 2013 and was at its lowest, 12.7, in 2007.

Spain ranks 5th of 48 countries on this measure, in the top 10%.

The long-run direction has been consistently rising across the 18 years of available data.

LU2: Combined rate of time-related underemployment and unemployment in Spain, year by year

Annual values for LU2: Combined rate of time-related underemployment and unemployment (previous ILO definition - ICLS13) in Spain, 2004 to 2023.
Year Value Change
2004 16.85
2005 14.71 -12.7%
2006 13.7 -6.8%
2007 12.7 -7.3%
2008 14.38 +13.2%
2009 22.61 +57.3%
2010 25.66 +13.5%
2011 26.46 +3.1%
2012 31.18 +17.8%
2013 33.9 +8.7%
2014 33.59 -0.9%
2015 30.79 -8.3%
2016 28.66 -6.9%
2017 23.22 -19.0%
2018 23.11 -0.5%
2019 21.86 -5.4%
2020 23.81 +8.9%
2023 19.68 -17.3%

Spain compared with similar countries

  • Spain's 19.68 is above the median for high income countries, which is 8.03, 2.5× the median. (33 countries reporting)
  • Spain's 19.68 is above the median for Europe & Central Asia, which is 8.04, 2.4× the median. (32 countries reporting)

Averages by decade

DecadeAverage LowestHighest Years
2000s 15.83 12.7 22.61 6
2010s 27.84 21.86 33.9 10
2020s 21.74 19.68 23.81 2

Countries ranked near Spain

  1. 2 Palestine 25.88 compare
  2. 3 Serbia 25.7 compare
  3. 4 Rwanda 23.22 compare
  4. 6 Greece 17.61 compare
  5. 7 Zimbabwe 16.64 compare
  6. 8 Costa Rica 15.67 compare

See the full ranking of 48 places →

More work & labour data for Spain

All data for Spain →

Frequently asked questions

What is lu2: combined rate of time-related underemployment and unemployment in Spain?
Lu2: combined rate of time-related underemployment and unemployment in Spain was 19.68 in 2023, according to International Labour Organization.
What is the highest lu2: combined rate of time-related underemployment and unemployment recorded in Spain?
The highest recorded value was 33.9 in 2013.
What is the lowest lu2: combined rate of time-related underemployment and unemployment recorded in Spain?
The lowest recorded value was 12.7 in 2007.
How does Spain rank for lu2: combined rate of time-related underemployment and unemployment?
Spain ranks 5th out of 48 countries with data for 2023.
Is lu2: combined rate of time-related underemployment and unemployment rising or falling in Spain?
Over the last ten years it is down 41.9%. The long-run trend across the full record is rising.
Where does this Spain data come from?
The figures come from International Labour Organization, published as part of LU2: Combined rate of time-related underemployment and unemployment (previous ILO definition - ICLS13). Statizoid updates them automatically from the source API.

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LU2: Combined rate of time-related underemployment and unemployment in Spain. Statizoid, drawing on International Labour Organization. Retrieved 22 September 2026, from https://labour.statizoid.com/stat/lu2-combined-rate-of-time-related-underemployment-and-unemployment-previous-ilo-2/spain/

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About this data

Indicator
LU2: Combined rate of time-related underemployment and unemployment (previous ILO definition - ICLS13)
Source
International Labour Organization
Licence
ILO Terms of Use (attribution required)
Coverage
48 places, 676 data points, 1996–2025
Last refreshed

With the aim of promoting international comparability, statistics presented on ILOSTAT are based on standard international definitions wherever feasible and may differ from official national figures. This series is based on the 13th ICLS definitions. For time series comparability, it includes countries that have implemented the 19th ICLS standards, for which data are also available in the Work Statistics -- 19th ICLS (WORK) database. LU2 represents the share of the labour force that are either in unemployment or time-related underemployment. The term disability, as defined in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), is used as an umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. For measurement purposes, a person with disability is defined as a person who is limited in the kind or amount of activities that he or she can do because of ongoing difficulties due to a long-term physical condition, mental condition or health problem. For more information, refer to the Disability Labour Market Indicators (DLMI) database description.